01 CONTEXT / 背景介绍
读前先知道
这篇文章讨论美国大学教育中的一个尖锐问题：不少大学生进入高校后，基础读写和计算能力并没有达到大学学习应有的水平。
疫情造成的学习损失、标准化考试要求下降、大学招生压力、成绩膨胀和 AI 作弊等因素叠加，使“顶尖高校是否还守得住学术标准”成为公共议题。
文章也把美国与新加坡、英国、密西西比州等改革案例作比较，提醒读者不要把教育公平简单理解为降低门槛。
00
阅读导入
先建立语境，再进入原文。
02 ROADMAP / 内容简介
文章会讲什么
文章先从大学教师长期抱怨学生水平下降写起，但很快指出这次并不只是主观感受：OECD 测试显示，美国相当一部分大学生的读写或计算能力接近儿童水平。
随后，作者分析原因，包括疫情冲击、入学门槛降低、SAT 等考试被取消，以及大学为招满学生而放松要求。
后半部分提出三条解决方向：中小学阶段恢复扎实标准，大学重新坚持入学与考核要求，并为年轻人提供更多大学之外的学习路径。
文章的核心观点是：真正的机会平等不是把学生推上更高台阶，而是先给他们攀登所需的能力。
PETB1ADAPTED READING
03 EASIER ENGLISH / 简明改写
The article says that many university teachers in America are worried about their students’ basic skills. Some maths teachers must send first-year students to extra classes before real university work can begin.
Some humanities teachers say students now find texts difficult that students ten years ago could understand easily. Tests by the OECD show a serious problem.
About one in seven American college students reads no better than a typical ten-year-old. For maths skills, the number is almost one in five.
The best students are still very strong, but more students are arriving at university without the skills they need. The article gives several reasons.
The pandemic hurt schooling, but standards were already falling before Covid-19. Many universities also made entry easier and stopped requiring tests such as the SAT.
Some people wanted fairer admissions, while some universities needed enough students. The writer says the cost is high.
Universities spend time teaching basic material again, so they have less time to help excellent students. Weak students may drop out, and universities may lower standards even more.
AI cheating may make this problem worse. The article suggests three solutions.
Schools should keep stronger standards. Universities should bring back serious tests and control grade inflation.
Governments should also offer more paths besides university, such as apprenticeships. The main message is that education should give everyone a real chance, but lowering standards without teaching skills helps nobody.
基于原文核心信息改写 · 使用 PET / CEFR B1 难度的常用词与较短句式
01
原文与翻译
左右对照阅读，保留文章论证节奏。
01
ORIGINAL
Academics have always moaned about their students. “Scholarlyscholarly /ˈskɑːlərli/ · 勤奋好学的；有学问的 2. connected with academic study学术的；学术性的 effort is in decline everywhere as never before,” complained Egbert of Liège, an 11th-century know-it-all, in an age when not even a tenth of humans could read. Recently there have been lots of new worries about standards in colleges and universities—especially in America, home to many of the world’s best. But this time, as our International section notes, the laxitylaxity /ˈlæksəti/ · 松懈；懈怠；不严格 is not just in lecturers’ heads.
译文
学者们抱怨学生，自古有之。早在11世纪，“博学多闻”的列日的埃格伯特（Egbert of Liège）便感叹道：“学术之风日下，而今尤甚。”而在那个时代，识字的人甚至不到全人类的十分之一。近来，高校治学水准饱受诟病，坐拥全球顶尖学府的美国更是成为众矢之的。然而，正如本刊“国际”版块所指出的那样，这次，问题并非只是老师们的错觉。
02
ORIGINAL
Maths professors report that they are having to pack freshers off to remedialremedial /rɪˈmiːdiəl/ · 旨在解决问题的；补救的；纠正的 courses before real learning can start. Some are turning up to university ignorantignorant /ˈɪɡnərənt/ · 对某事物）不了解的；无知的；愚昧的；无学识的 of things they should have learned early in secondary school. Lecturers in humanities warn that students are struggling to understand texts that a decade ago their counterparts would easily have grasped. Students increasingly ask for reading lists to be cut shortcut short /kʌt ʃɔːrt/ · 提前结束；中断；缩短.
译文
数学教授们坦言，他们不得不将大一新生成批送进补习班“回炉重造”，否则根本无法开启大学阶段的正式课程。有些学生对那些本应在中学阶段掌握的知识几乎一无所知。人文领域的讲师们也发出警告：对于十年前的学长学姐而言能轻松读懂的文本，现在的学生理解起来却非常困难；与此同时，要求缩短阅读书单的学生却越来越多。
03
ORIGINAL
Tests run by the OECD, a club of mostly rich countries, suggest that students in colleges and universities are less literateliterate /ˈlɪtərɪt/ · 能读会写的 than they were a decade ago. The best are cleverer than ever, but a growing number have basic skills that would embarrassembarrass /ɪmˈbærəs/ · 尤指在社交场合）使窘迫，使尴尬 a child half their age. About one in seven students at American colleges and universities scores no better in literacyliteracy /ˈlɪtərəsi/ · 读写能力 tests than a typical ten-year-old. For numeracynumeracy /ˈnuːmərəsi/ · 数学基础知识；识数；计算能力, it is nearly one in five.
译文
经合组织（OECD）针对多个发达国家开展的测试显示，如今大学生的读写能力甚至不如十年前。最优秀的学生比过去更加出色，但与此同时，但越来越多大学生的基本技能，甚至到了令小学生都汗颜的地步。在美国，大约每七名大学生中，就有一人的阅读能力与普通十岁儿童无异；若论数学能力，这一比例接近五分之一。
04
ORIGINAL
One explanation is the harm to schooling from the pandemic. Another is the fact that, even before covid-19, school marks in America and in many other rich countries were already falling. At the same time, many colleges and universities have been lowering the barbar /bɑːr/ · 标准；门槛 for entry. In America they have largely stopped requiring applicants to sitsit /sɪt/ · 参加考试；应试 tests of numericalnumerical /nuːˈmerɪkl/ · 数字的；用数字表示的 and verbal reasoningreasoning /ˈriːzənɪŋ/ · 推想；推理；理性的观点；论证, such as the SAT. Some believe those exercises are unfair to black and HispanicHispanic /hɪˈspænɪk/ · 拉美裔美国籍的 students. Others are trying to get enough bums on seats as the total number of 18-year-olds in America starts to fall.
译文
造成这一伤害的原因之一，是疫情对教育造成的冲击。但另一个不容忽视的事实是，早在新冠疫情之前，美国以及许多富裕国家，学校成绩本就在持续下滑。与此同时，大学的录取门槛却在不断降低。美国高校已经大规模取消了SAT等测试学生数学与语言推理能力的标准化考试要求。有人认为，这类考试对黑人和拉丁裔学生并不公平；还有一些学校则是为了在18岁人口开始减少的背景下，尽可能填满教室里的每一个座位。
05
ORIGINAL
The costs of all this are huge. Time and money spent reteaching basic material cannot be used to help whizz-kids excelexcel /ɪkˈsel/ · 擅长；善于；突出. Ill-preparedill-prepared /ˌɪl prɪˈperd/ · 未准备好的；（尤指）想不到的，猝不及防的 students are at risk of dropping out, which can hurt their prospects more than if they had never enrolled. And weak students give colleges and universities yet more reasons to dumb downdumb down /dʌm daʊn/ · 简化（过度）；降低难度；使变得浅显化. After years of grade inflation, it is hard to be confident that administrators will solve a tricky new problem: how to handle rampantrampant /ˈræmpənt/ · 泛滥的；猖獗的 cheating with AI.
译文
这种趋势的代价极其高昂。大学耗费大量时间和资金重新教授基础知识，就无法帮助真正优秀的人才拔尖精进。而那些基础薄弱的学生，也面临更高的辍学风险。对他们而言，这甚至可能比从未进入大学更加糟糕。能力不足的学生越多，大学就越有动力继续降低要求。在经历了多年的“成绩通胀”之后，人们很难相信大学管理者能够妥善应对另一个棘手问题——AI时代愈演愈烈的作弊现象。
06
ORIGINAL
One way to stop the slideslide /slaɪd/ · 降低；跌落；衰落 would be to prevent standards in schools from falling. Some insist this is impossible without also solving scourges such as child poverty, or the balefulbaleful /ˈbeɪlfl/ · 威吓的；凶恶的；恶意的 allureallure /əˈlʊr/ · 诱惑力；引诱力；吸引力 of screens. In fact, marks in Singapore have been inching up for years—and rose even during the pandemic. Schools in England have also been climbing international league tables, thanks in part to reforms that made exams and curriculums more rigorousrigorous /ˈrɪɡərəs/ · 谨慎的；细致的；彻底的. Americans are finally recognising that many of their schools teach literacy using methods that other countries long ago binned as pseudosciencepseudoscience /ˌsuːdoʊˈsaɪəns/ · 伪科学；假科学. States that reversed course first, such as Mississippi, have been posting big gains.
译文
要阻止这种下滑，首先必须防止中小学教育标准继续下降。有人坚称，如果不根除儿童贫困或电子屏幕的致命诱惑，教育质量不可能改善。事实上，新加坡学生的成绩多年来一直稳步提升，甚至在疫情期间依然逆势上涨。英国学校近年来在国际教育排名中的表现也不断改善，这在一定程度上得益于更严格的课程体系与考试改革。美国如今也终于开始意识到，许多学校长期采用的识字教学法，其实早已被其他国家视为伪科学并弃之不用。那些率先改革的州，例如密西西比，已经取得了显著进步。
07
ORIGINAL
Another remedyremedy /ˈremədi/ · 处理方法；改进措施；补偿 would be for leaders in colleges and universities to restore their commitmentcommitment /kəˈmɪtmənt/ · 承诺；许诺；允诺承担；保证 to high standards, both in whom they choose to admit and in how students are assessed as they learn. America’s best are starting to reintroduce mandatorymandatory /ˈmændətɔːri/ · 强制的；法定的；义务的 tests for all applicants; the rest should follow. In May academics at Harvard agreed to rein inrein in /reɪn ɪn/ · 控制；约束；遏制 grade inflation by imposing a hard limit on the number of A grades they hand out in each course. These had soared from 24% of all grades awarded in 2005 to 60% last year. That was once considered a radicalradical /ˈrædɪkl/ · 根本的；彻底的；完全的 proposal; it ought to be more common.
译文
另一剂良方，则是大学重新找回对学术高标准的坚守。无论是在招生环节，还是在学生学习过程中的考核环节，都应如此。美国最优秀的一批大学已经开始重新要求所有申请者参加标准化考试；其他高校也理应跟进。今年5月，哈佛大学的教师们达成协议，决定通过设定严格上限来遏制成绩膨胀——每门课程获得A等级成绩的人数将受到限制。2005年，A类成绩只占哈佛所有成绩的24%；而到了去年，这一比例已经飙升至60%。曾经被视为激进改革的措施，如今本应成为再普通不过的常识。
08
ORIGINAL
And policymakers should widen the ways in which people can keep learning after they leave school. In English-speaking countries, in particular, options other than university are too rare. America has fewer apprentices even than Britain (which has hardly any). America’s community colleges are supposed to act as stepping stones for high-school graduates who need more help. But the share of youngsters who go to them is declining, even as the share heading to demanding four-year universities is going up.
译文
与此同时，政策制定者还应当为年轻人提供更多大学之外的成长道路。尤其是在英语国家，除了大学之外的选择实在太少。美国的学徒人数甚至比英国还少——而英国本身也并不算多。社区学院原本承担着帮助高中毕业生逐步提升的使命，充当他们迈向更高教育阶段的桥梁。然而进入社区大学的年轻人比例正在下降，而直接涌向要求更高的四年制大学的人数却在不断增加。
09
ORIGINAL
Education should provide everyone with an opportunity. It must never become a blockerblocker /ˈblɑːkər/ · 阻碍因素；障碍；拦截物, sprinkling its benefits on a smarmysmarmy /ˈsmɑːrmi/ · 过分讨好的；油腔滑调的；虚伪谄媚的 few while holding the less fortunate in their place. But raising young people up its tiers without granting them the skills they need is not pragmaticpragmatic /præɡˈmætɪk/ · 实用的；讲求实效的；务实的, or a kindness, or a blow for racial equityequity /ˈekwɪti/ · 公平；公正；合理性. It is a cowardicecowardice /ˈkaʊərdɪs/ · 胆小; 怯懦 that lets everybody down. ■
译文
教育应当为每个人提供机会。它绝不应该成为一道壁垒，让少数圆滑的幸运儿独享其益，而把更多出身平凡的人永远困在原地。然而，如果只是不断把年轻人推向更高一级的教育阶梯，却没有赋予他们攀登所需的技能，那此举既非务实，亦非善意帮扶，更谈不上促进种族平等。这种做法看似仁慈，实则怯懦。也最终辜负了所有人。■
02
单词解释
sane
/seɪn/ · adj.心智健全的; 神志正常的
1. Someone who is sane is able to think and behave normally and reasonably, and is not mentally ill.
He seemed perfectly sane. 他看来心智非常健全。 2. If you refer to a sane person, action, or system, you mean one that you think is reasonable and sensible. 理智的; 合乎情理的
moan
/moʊn/ · v.呻吟
1. to make a long deep sound, usually expressing unhappiness, suffering or sexual pleasure
to moan in/with pain 痛苦地呻吟
scholarly
/ˈskɑːlərli/ · adj.勤奋好学的；有学问的 2. connected with academic study学术的；学术性的
1. spending a lot of time studying and having a lot of knowledge about an academic subject
a scholarly journal学术期刊
laxity
/ˈlæksəti/ · n.松懈；懈怠；不严格
the quality of not being strict, careful, or severe enough; lack of discipline or control
The report criticized the laxity of safety standards. 报告批评了安全标准执行不严的问题。
lecturer
/ˈlektʃərər/ · n.讲课者；讲授者；讲演者
a person who gives a lecture
She's a superb lecturer.她是一个出色的演讲者。
pack off
/pæk ɔːf/ · v.打发走；送走
to send someone somewhere, often quickly or without giving them much choice
He was packed off to boarding school at an early age. 他很小就被送到了寄宿学校。
fresher
/ˈfreʃər/ · n.大学一年级新生
a first-year university or college student
The university organized a welcome event for freshers. 学校为新生组织了欢迎活动。
remedial
/rɪˈmiːdiəl/ · adj.旨在解决问题的；补救的；纠正的
1. aimed at solving a problem, especially when this involves correcting or improving sth that has been done wrong
remedial treatment (= for a medical problem) 治疗
ignorant
/ˈɪɡnərənt/ · adj.对某事物）不了解的；无知的；愚昧的；无学识的
lacking knowledge or information about sth; not educated（
an ignorant person/question无知的人╱提问
counterpart
/ˈkaʊntərpɑːrt/ · n.对应的人（或事物）；同行；对等方
a person or thing that has the same position, function, or purpose as another in a different place or situation
The minister met with his French counterpart. 这位部长会见了他的法国对等官员。
grasp
/ɡræsp/ · v.抓紧；抓牢
1. to take a firm hold of sb/sth
He grasped my hand and shook it warmly.他热情地抓住我的手握了起来。
cut short
/kʌt ʃɔːrt/ · v.提前结束；中断；缩短
to stop something before it is finished or before the expected time
The meeting was cut short because of a power outage. 由于停电，会议提前结束了。
literate
/ˈlɪtərɪt/ · adj.能读会写的
able to read and write
Over one-quarter of the adult population are not fully literate. 四分之一以上的成年人是半文盲。
embarrass
/ɪmˈbærəs/ · v.尤指在社交场合）使窘迫，使尴尬
to make sb feel shy, awkward or ashamed, especially in a social situation（
Her questions about my private life embarrassed me.她询问我的私生活使我感到很尴尬。
numeracy
/ˈnuːmərəsi/ · n.数学基础知识；识数；计算能力
a good basic knowledge of mathematics; the ability to understand and work with numbers
standards of literacy and numeracy读写和计算的水平
bar
/bɑːr/ · n.标准；门槛
a standard, level, or requirement
The company has set a high bar for quality. 这家公司设立了很高的质量标准。
sit
/sɪt/ · v.参加考试；应试
to do an exam
Candidates will sit the examinations in June.考生将在六月参加考试。
numerical
/nuːˈmerɪkl/ · adj.数字的；用数字表示的
relating to numbers; expressed in numbers
Numerical data. 数字数据。 · The results are expressed in descending numerical order. 结果按数字降序列出。
reasoning
/ˈriːzənɪŋ/ · n.推想；推理；理性的观点；论证
the process of thinking about things in a logical way; opinions and ideas that are based on logical thinking
What is the reasoning behind this decision?作出这个决定的依据是什么？
Hispanic
/hɪˈspænɪk/ · adj.拉美裔美国籍的
A Hispanic person is a citizen of the United States of America who originally came from Latin America, or whose family originally came from Latin America.
...a group of Hispanic doctors in Washington. …华盛顿的一群拉美裔美国医生。
bum
/bʌm/ · n.屁股 2. a person who has no home or job and who asks other people for money or food 乞丐，无业游民
1. the part of the body that you sit on
a beach bum (= sb who spends all their time on the beach, without having a job) 海滨流浪汉 3. a lazy person who does nothing for other people or for society懒汉；游手好闲者
whizz-kid
/ˈwɪz kɪd/ · n.神童；有为青年
a person who is very good and successful at sth, especially at a young age
financial whizz-kids金融方面年轻有为的人物
excel
/ɪkˈsel/ · v.擅长；善于；突出
to be very good at doing sth
She has always excelled in foreign languages.她的外语从来都是出类拔萃。
ill-prepared
/ˌɪl prɪˈperd/ · adj.未准备好的；（尤指）想不到的，猝不及防的
1. not ready, especially because you were not expecting sth to happen
The team was ill-prepared for a disaster on that scale.这样的惨败全队根本就没有料到。 2. badly planned or organized规划不周的；组织不严密的
enrol
/ɪnˈroʊl/ · v.使）加入；注册；登记
to arrange for yourself or for sb else to officially join a course, school, etc.（
You need to enrol before the end of August.你必须在八月底前注册。
dumb down
/dʌm daʊn/ · v.简化（过度）；降低难度；使变得浅显化
to make something simpler or less challenging so that it is easier for people to understand, often in a way that reduces quality or intellectual value
The programme was dumbed down to attract a wider audience. 该节目为了吸引更广泛的观众而降低了内容深度。
administrator
/ədˈmɪnɪstreɪtər/ · n.公司、机构的）管理人员，行政人员
a person whose job is to manage and organize the public or business affairs of a company or an institution（
a hospital administrator医院管理人员
rampant
/ˈræmpənt/ · adj.泛滥的；猖獗的
existing or spreading everywhere in a way that cannot be controlled
rampant inflation失控的通胀
slide
/slaɪd/ · n.降低；跌落；衰落
a change to a lower or worse condition
A downward slide in the price of oil. 石油价格的下跌。 · The team's slide down the table. 球队排名的下降。
scourge
/skɜːrdʒ/ · n.祸害；祸根；灾害
1. a person or thing that causes trouble or suffering
the scourge of war/disease/poverty 战争╱疾病╱贫穷之苦
baleful
/ˈbeɪlfl/ · adj.威吓的；凶恶的；恶意的
threatening to do sth evil or to hurt sb
a baleful look/influence 凶恶的外表╱势力
allure
/əˈlʊr/ · n.诱惑力；引诱力；吸引力
the quality of being attractive and exciting
sexual allure性诱惑
inch up
/ɪntʃ ʌp/ · v.缓慢上升；小幅增长
to increase or rise slowly and by a small amount
Inflation has inched up over the past few months. 过去几个月里，通货膨胀率小幅上升。
curriculum
/kəˈrɪkjələm/ · n.学校等的）全部课程
the subjects that are included in a course of study or taught in a school, college, etc.（
the school curriculum学校课程
rigorous
/ˈrɪɡərəs/ · adj.谨慎的；细致的；彻底的
1. done carefully and with a lot of attention to detail SYN thorough
a rigorous analysis细致的分析 2. demanding that particular rules, processes, etc. are strictly followed严格的；严厉的
literacy
/ˈlɪtərəsi/ · n.读写能力
the ability to read and write
a campaign to promote adult literacy提高成人文化水平的运动
bin
/bɪn/ · v.扔掉；丢弃
to throw sth away
Do you need to keep these letters or shall we bin them? 你需要保存这些信件吗，还是干脆把它们扔掉？
pseudoscience
/ˌsuːdoʊˈsaɪəns/ · n.伪科学；假科学
ideas, beliefs, or practices that are presented as scientific but do not follow the scientific method or lack reliable evidence
Astrology is widely regarded as pseudoscience. 占星术被广泛认为是伪科学。
reverse
/rɪˈvɜːrs/ · v.颠倒；彻底转变；使完全相反
to change sth completely so that it is the opposite of what it was before
to reverse a procedure/process/trend彻底改变程序╱过程╱趋势
remedy
/ˈremədi/ · n.处理方法；改进措施；补偿
1. a way of dealing with or improving an unpleasant or difficult situation
There is no simple remedy for unemployment.失业问题没有简单的解决办法。
commitment
/kəˈmɪtmənt/ · n.承诺；许诺；允诺承担；保证
a promise to do sth or to behave in a particular way; a promise to support sb/sth; the fact of committing yourself
She doesn't want to make a big emotional commitment to Steve at the moment. 她不想在此刻对史蒂夫在感情上作出重大的承诺。
mandatory
/ˈmændətɔːri/ · adj.强制的；法定的；义务的
required by law
It is mandatory for blood banks to test all donated blood for the virus. 血库必须检查所有捐献的血是否含有这种病毒。
rein in
/reɪn ɪn/ · v.控制；约束；遏制
1. to control or limit something that is becoming too large, fast, or uncontrolled
The government is trying to rein in inflation. 政府正试图抑制通货膨胀。
radical
/ˈrædɪkl/ · adj.根本的；彻底的；完全的
concerning the most basic and important parts of something; thorough and complete
The need for radical changes in education. 对教育进行彻底变革的需要。 · Demands for radical reform of the law. 彻底改变法律的要求。
apprentice
/əˈprentɪs/ · n.学徒；徒弟
a young person who works for an employer for a fixed period of time in order to learn the skills needed in their job
An apprentice electrician/chef. 电工/厨师学徒。
blocker
/ˈblɑːkər/ · n.阻碍因素；障碍；拦截物
something that prevents progress or makes it difficult to continue
Lack of funding is the main blocker to the project. 资金不足是该项目的主要障碍。
sprinkle
/ˈsprɪŋkl/ · v.撒；洒；把…撒（或洒）在…上
to shake small pieces of sth or drops of a liquid on sth
She sprinkled sugar over the strawberries.她在草莓上撒了点糖。
smarmy
/ˈsmɑːrmi/ · adj.过分讨好的；油腔滑调的；虚伪谄媚的
behaving in an unpleasantly smooth, flattering, or insincere way
The salesman came across as smarmy and insincere. 那个销售员显得油滑又虚伪。
tier
/tɪr/ · n.级；阶；层；阶层；等级
a row or layer; one of several levels in an organization or system
A wedding cake with three tiers. 三层的结婚蛋糕。 · The seating is arranged in tiers. 座位是一级级排列的。
grant
/ɡrænt/ · v.尤指正式地或法律上）同意，准予，允许
to agree to give sb what they ask for, especially formal or legal permission to do sth（
The bank finally granted a ￡500 loan to me.银行终于同意给我贷款500英镑。
pragmatic
/præɡˈmætɪk/ · adj.实用的；讲求实效的；务实的
solving problems in a practical and sensible way rather than by having fixed ideas or theories
a pragmatic approach to management problems对管理问题采取的务实做法
equity
/ˈekwɪti/ · n.公平；公正；合理性
fairness and justice in treatment; impartiality
The policy aims to promote equity in education. 该政策旨在促进教育公平。
cowardice
/ˈkaʊərdɪs/ · n.胆小; 怯懦
Cowardice is cowardly behaviour.
He openly accused his opponents of cowardice. 他公开指责对手胆小怯懦。 let down v. If you let someone down, you disappoint them, by not doing something that you have said you will do or that they expected you to do. 使失望
03
长难句分析
从主干到修饰层级，拆开再读。
SENTENCE 2
Lecturers in humanities warn that students are struggling to understand texts that a decade ago their counterparts would easily have grasped.
1. 主句：Lecturers in humanities warn Lecturers：主语，复数名词，讲师 in humanities：介词后置定语，修饰 Lecturers，“人文科系的” warn：主句谓语动词（一般现在时），后面接 that 宾语从句
2. 宾语从句：that students are struggling to understand texts 引导词 that 可省略，不作句子成分，只起连接作用 students：宾语从句主语 are struggling：从句谓语（现在进行时） to understand texts：不定式作状语，搭配固定短语 struggle to do sth 难以做某事 texts：不定式 understand 的宾语；同时是后面定语从句的先行词
3. 定语从句：that a decade ago their counterparts would easily have grasped 先行词：texts（物） 关系代词 that：指代 texts，在定语从句中作 grasped 的宾语 还原正常语序： their counterparts would easily have grasped the texts a decade ago 从句内部成分： a decade ago：时间状语，十年前，位置提前倒装强调 their counterparts：从句主语，their 指代 students，counterparts 指往届学生 would easily have grasped：谓语（虚拟 / 情态完成结构）
would have grasped：情态动词 + 现在完成时，表 “（放在当年）本可以轻松读懂”，暗含今昔对比、现在学 生做不到 easily：副词，修饰 have grasped